Introduction Niacin (nicotinic acid) was first
synthesized in 1867 by oxidative degradation of nicotine. It had been chemically
identified long before its importance as an essential nutrient was recognized.
In the early 1900’ies it was discovered that pellagra, a disease with symptoms
affecting the skin, gastrointestinal tract, and central nervous system, was
caused by niacin deficiency. In 1935 niacin was shown to be a moiety of the
coenzymes NAD and NADP, indispensable for many biochemical reactions.
Biological functions Niacin is one of the B
vitamins with coenzyme function. In its active forms, the pyridine coenzymes
NAD (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) and NADP (nicotinamide adenine
dinucleotide phosphate),are all involved in the pathways of energy metabolism,
like glycolysis, citric acid cycle, oxidations of fatty acids, gluconeogenesis
and de novo fatty acid synthesis. From a physiological point of view, nicotinic
acid and nicotinamide can be considered as equivalent sources of niacin.
Benefits to the animal Proper niacin
supplementation will: maximize weight gain; optimize feed efficiency; ensure
proper utilization of other nutrients; and support general health and
well-being.
 Tricholine citrate
exerts lipotropic action in the hepatic cells. It works by converting deposited
fats into lecithin and other similar phospholipids.
 Choline chloride serves among other things
as a:Building block of acetylcholine, which in this case has an important
function in the transmission of stimuli in the nervous system
(neurotransmitter).Building block of lecithin (phosphatidylcholine). Lecithin
is one of the basic constituents of animal cell membranes.Building block of
ceramides  Interference in the
enzymatic synthesis or degradation of these membrane building blocks
results in metabolic disorders.
Biological functions Choline serves a series of critical functions in the body. a. Improves fat
transport and metabolism in the liver b. Serves as a source of methyl donors
for methionine regeneration from homocysteine; c. Builds and maintains cell
wall structure; d. supports nervous system function; e. serves as a source of
osmolytes that regulate cell volume. Benefits to the animal Improves animal
growth through fat metabolism. After a two-step enzymatic oxidation, choline
serves as an important donor of methyl groups, important for regenerating
methionine. Choline is essential for the body, in case there is choline deficit
the body will synthesize de novo choline from glycine or serine
 Pantothenic acid is the dimethyl derivative
of butyric acid joined by a peptide linkage to the amino acid b-alanine. The
biochemically active form of the vitamin is 4’-phosphopantetheine. Pantothenic acid is the precursor
of coenzyme A.
Biological functions
D-pantothenic acid is found in two enzymes, coenzyme A (CoA) and acyl carrier
protein (ACP), which is involved in many reactions in carbohydrate, fat and
protein metabolism. CoA is necessary for acetylation in the intermediate
metabolism. It is essential in the citric acid cycle and the basis of numerous
syntheses which the body is able to perform in the presence of adequate
pantothenic acid, namely the biosynthesis of long-chain fatty acids,
phospholipids, cholesterol and steroid hormones. Only the optical active D-form
has vitamin activity.
Carnitine is required for transport of
long-chain fatty acids into the matrix compartment of mitochondria from
cytoplasm for subsequent oxidation by the fatty acid oxidase complex for energy
production.Â
Benfits:
 Hepatic stimulant
with anti hepatoxic activity, Supports liver function, Improves metabolic
processes, Combats stress, improves feed conversion, Useful in hepatic damage
due to fungal and other hepatoxics, Mobilizes fat from liver and protects liver
from fatty changes and cirrhosis, Improves immunity
Â
Dosage: For sheep and Goat  Adult 15ml to 20ml per/day .
Lambs and calves 5ml to 10ml per/day
Broilers:Â 5
to 10 ML for 100 birds daily
Layers:Â 20
ML for 100 birds daily
Or as advised by nutritionist/veterinarian
 Packing:   5Ltr. 2Ltr, 1Ltr, 500ml HDPE
Container
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